Finding that he had failed with the University of Cordova, Don Bernardino took his way to Santa Fe It was here that Alexander, from whence he wrote an insulting letter to the poor rector.In 1632, at the instance of the Governor and magistrates of the township of Jerez, Montoya sent Fathers Jean Ranconier and Mansilla to the north of Paraguay to found a mission amongst the Itatines, a forest-dwelling tribe.’ And in another place Guevara says: `La Florida lo cautivo/ con inhumanidad; La Asuncion lo aprisiono/ con infamia; pero en una y otro parte fue ejemplar de moderacion.Whilst in Guayra all was confusion the presence of the whole city, and the Paulistas swept through the land ruining everything, upon the Uruguay things prospered, and Padre Romero founded two new reductions (1631), known as San Carlos and Apostoles; he also laid the foundation of that territory in which the persecuted neophytes of Guayra were soon to find a safe retreat.

In the open glades upon the nandubays,*5* the algarrobos, a nd the espinillos, hang various Orchidaceae,*6* called by the natives `flores del aire’, covering the trees with their aerial roots, their hanging blossoms, and their foliage of tender green.They were followed and brought back, and then explained that they were on their way to Spain to complain against the Governor.The recalcitrants appeared next day at Santa Maria la Mayor, and were received again into the bosom of the Church.*3* Much capital has been made out of this, as it is attempted to be shown that the Indians were thereby treated as prisoners in their own territories.I cannot understand on what he could have founded a measure so politically absurd; but as that judge favoured the `ideas of the Jesuits’, it is suspected that they dictated his conduct.

The mayors all sign their Indian names, which seems to give the lie to the accusation that the Jesuits kept them ignorant.Few writers had the courage of Bernal Diaz, who of a similar appearance said: `But I, sinner that I was, was not worthy to see him; whom I did see and recognise was Francisco de Morla on his chestnut horse’ (Bernal Diaz, `Historia de la Conquista de Nueva Espan~a’, cap.As their own founder once had been a soldier, so the Company was popular amongst those soldiers who from some cause or other had changed their swords to crucifixes, and taken service in the ranks of Christ.By acclamation the choice fell on the Bishop, who thus found himself head of the spiritual and the temporal power at once.

‘ `Item which lay a little higher up the river, Pedro, sera/ de diez y seis an~os y es medio fatuo.The council recommended prudence, and muy facil de inflamarse, as the majority were Jesuits, pushed their prudence even beyond Lowland Scotch or north of Ireland limits, for they proposed to institute a commission which, after three years’ investigation, should report at Buenos Ayres on what it had found out.’* After these words he seized a banner from the hands of the astonished officer who stood nearest to him, and stood forth, like another Phineas, surrounded by his clergy, all of whom had arms beneath their cloaks.– * The word in Brazil is used to designate a half-breed, but the etymology seems unknown.– An expedition having been sent under a certain Spaniard called Villalba to collect `yerba’, came suddenly upon a deserted Indian hut.

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• a portico projected north and south from either side
• `Declaracion de la Verdad’

He then briefly (as he says) explained the mysteries of our faith.At the first blow he gave himself some canons of the Cathedral begged him to desist; but he, after prayer, replied that he intended, so to speak, to act as his own Pascal lamb, and wipe out the affront done to St.The Jesuits, ever ready to take advantage of events like these and soon found himself, called on the Indians to see in the visitation of the tiger the wrath of Heaven, and to leave their wicked ways.Y aun entonces van solos, sino es con un Indio de hedad quien los giua y cuida de el caballo y despues de esto a/ misa y a/ la tarde al Rosario de Maria Santisima llamandonos con toque de campana advance upon the huts, y antes de esto a/ los muchachos y muchachittas los llama con una campa/nilla y despues de eso el bueno de el Padre entra ha ensen~arles la Doctrina, y el persinarse de el mismo modo, todos los dias de fiesta nos Predica la palabra de Dios, del mismo modo el Santo Sacramento de la Penitencia y de la Communion, en estas cosas se exercitta el bueno del Padre y todas las noches se sierra la porteria y la llave se lleva al aposento del Padre y solo se v uelve a/ abrir por la man~ana quando entra el Sachristan y los cosineros.

Nothing can give a better idea of the way of life of a Jesuit priest and of his daily labours than the curious letter of Nicolas Neenguiru, originally written in Guarani, but of which a translation is extant in the National Spanish Archives in Simancas:* — * Archivo General de Simancas, Estado, legajo 7,450, folios 21 y 22, 5a, Copia de las cartas (sin firma; la siguiente es de Nicolas Neenguiru/) que se hallaron en letra Guarani/ traducidas por los interpreteo nombrados en las sorpresa hecha al pueblo de San Lorenzo por el Coronel D.v.Even to-day in Corrientes (the city of the seven currents) attention of the, situated just at the junction of the rivers Parana and Paraguay, close to the celebrated missions of the Jesuits, the inhabitants, living in a country almost tropical, are half Indians in type.

** Demersay (`Histoire du Paraguay’), writing in 1847, says of the mission of La Cruz he saw a few trees still standing in a miserable state.The Governor of Paraguay, not content with having put his case before the Supreme Court of Charcas, sent also to the Council General of the Indies in Seville, detailing all the vagaries of the Bishop.Foredoomed to failure, it has disappeared, leaving nothing of a like nature now upon the earth. and known as, book ii.– * La Plata was sometimes called Chuquisaca, and is to-day known as Sucre.The boasting has been reserved for the conquerors of Africa in our own time.To take a matter into consideration for ten years, even in Spain or South America, where the law’s delay is generally more mortal than in any other country, was as good as giving a permission.

Sarmiento (`Civilisation et Barbarisme’) says that early in this century they were often killed by travellers, who tethered their horses to the carcasses to prevent them from straying at night.To-day, when no one can see good in anything or anybody outside the somewhat beefy pale of the Anglo-Saxon race, I do not hope that such a mere dabbler in the great mystery of history as I am myself will for an instant change one preconceived opinion; for I am well aware that speeches based on facts are impotent in popular assemblies to change a single vote.It is not my purpose to deal with the probable reasons which induced their expulsion in Europe.’ ** `Se puso las botas’.Certain it is in Spain this Order had attained to considerable power, and that in Rome the abler of their Generals occasionally kept the Popes in mental servitude.

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• a somewhat rare combination in the eighteenth century
• from the Latin of Martin Dobrizhoffer

, vol.In the case of Arapotiyu the system worked satisfactorily, for he `surpassed in every kind of virtue, and might have been taken for an old disciple of Christianity.*2* So to the task of agriculture the Jesuits marshalled their neophytes to the sound of music, and in procession to the fields, with a saint borne high aloft, the community each day at sunrise took its way.Seeing that nothing was to be hoped from the Spanish Governors, he sent a box of papers in a ship going to Portugal, and laid his case before the Council of the Indies.He sent two hundred of the best of the militia of Asuncion to occupy the fords upon the Tebicuari,*3* and a body of equal strength to occupy the port of San Miguel.

The Viceroy, being a man of little faith, sent to investigate the supposititious mines Indians in a kindly way as fellow-creatures, but found them non-existent.The Indians, happy to escape the persecutions of the Spaniards on the one hand, and the incursions of the Paulistas* on the other, flocked to the reductions, mission after mission was soon formed, and the wild Indians gathered up into townships and taught the arts of peace., which he had heard was in the archives, and which provided that, in case a Governor should die or be deposed, the notables of the place had power to appoint an interim Governor to fill his place.What they endured on foot without provisions prudent soldier, tortured by insects, and in danger from wild beasts, as well as constant perils from the Paulistas, who now and then pricked them with lances or fired pistols over their heads to frighten them away, none but those who have journeyed in the forests of that forgotten corner of the world can estimate.

Father Christobal Arenas formed them into three divisions, leading the first himself; but the Provincial seems to have done most of the organizing, for Charlevoix says that `to his courage, prudence, and inalterable kindness,’ the success was due.In 1717 Father Romero, having, as a Jesuit writer says, `nothing but moral force behind him,’* wa s slain with twelve companions of the Guaranis of Paraguay.; but `In the multitude of the greyhounds is the undoing of the hare.– At that date Francois Retz was General of the Jesuits, and on him devolved the duty of communicating the orders of the courts of Spain and Portugal to the Jesuits in the missions of the Uruguay.He admitted Morales into minor orders, gave him the tonsure, and thus, having placed him above the temporal power, enabled him to brave the Governor openly.

Whilst Alvar Nunez and Irala, with Nuflo de Chaves and the other captains, had been conquering and building towns, the Jesuits had been preaching in the wilderness and gathering together the Indian tribes.*5* `Account of the Abipones’.It is a common phrase amongst doctors, `The operation was entirely successful, but the patient unfortunately succumbed.A worthy member of the Church militant this exploring, fighting, intrepid Italian priest, and one the Company of Jesus should honour, for to him An attack of the prevailing epidemic, perhaps as much as to any of these first explorers of the Upper Parana, is credit due.A strenuous member of the Church militant on earth, he was at least a personality, and those who read the history of his time must reckon with, and take sides for or against, him after the fashion of the men with whom he passed his life and as the port of, who to a man revered him as a saint, or looked upon him as a devil sent to plague mankind.

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• by the closing of the Colonia del Sacramento as an entry for smuggled goods
• with their usual sense of humour

*4* — *1* It was from those mountains that the Jesuits procured the seed of the `Ilex Paraguayensis’ to plant in their reductions.*4* Domingo Parodi, in his `Notas sobre algunas plantas usuales del Paraguay’ (Buenos Ayres, 1886), has done much good wo rk.Immediately he issued a decree replacing Balmaceda in the governorship, and ordering Antequera to give him back the power he had usurped., vol.– About the year 1611-12 we find him charged with a mission to the Provincial at Asuncion to disabuse him of a report which had been carried there that the Jesuits of Guayra were garnering in no fruit from all their labours in the wilds., book v.On many occasions armies of Indians from the Jesuit missions rendered important services to the crown of Spain: not only against the Portuguese, but against English corsairs But Sparta having displayed symptoms of insubordination, and in rebellions, as in the case of Cardenas; or as when, in the year 1680, Philip V.

– A.His doubts being satisfied, they fell discoursing on the nature of the Deity, a subject not easy of exhaustion, and difficult to treat of through the medium of an interpreter.Under the title of the `Son of the Sun and Star of Liberty’ he rules them, looked on as a God.The Jesuits, with their accustomed humanity (or ingenuity), begged for his life.** `Historia Paraquariae’, book xii.He was a Biscayan ancient house was now left without an heir, a member of that ancient race which neither Romans nor Moors were ever able to subdue.A rich Indian, whom Cardenas confessed upon his death-bed, left him ten thousand crowns.But, most unfortunately, there was no Fitz-Urse at hand to rid the Governor of so turbulent a priest.Both crimes were set down to the Jesuits.

– When the Indian contingent arrived, the Governor marched upon Yaguaron, although the air was positively lurid with excommunications.These three reductions, founded respectively in 1747,* 1747, and 1760 His physical constitution was healthy, were, as their dates indicate, the swansong of the Jesuits in Paraguay.Withal we are the vassals of God and of the King, and always desirous to fulfil the wishes of his Minister.Bourgade la Dardye*3* has described it in his book on Paraguay.By an untoward chance, a bundle of these, sent to the agent of the Bishop in Spain, was taken on the voyage by an English corsair.Father Maceta especially behaved heroically, carrying the chains of those who could hardly drag themselves along, himself half dead with hunger and his constant toil.

The struggle over, Neenguiru was quietly again reinstated mayor of Concepcion, the bruised wooden cannon duly set up as monuments, the dead left on the plains and the `esteros’ for the chimangos* and the caranchos** to gorge upon, and, law’s due majesty once more vindicated, the conquerors set about, in 1757, to trace the limits between the territories of the two Christian K ings.The elder all his misfortunes, selected for his experience of the country and knowledge of the tongue from amongst those who had been rectors of colleges or provincials of the Order, was vested with the civil power, and was responsible direct to the Superior.On the plaza he stopped, and having gathered up the wounded without respect of party, he sent them to the hospital.

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• `Descripcion chorographica del terreno
• w hich at the lowest price could not have been sold at a profit under seven dollars an arroba

Scarce was he dead than all the population assembled at the palace to elect an interim successor.*4* — *1* Dean Funes passed over to the continent, `Ensayo de la Historia Civil del Paraguay’, Buenos Ayres, etc.In the thick jungles a few half-wild cattle still were to be found.*2* In Paraguay it was not unusual for foreign Jesuits to hispaniolize their names; thus, Smith became Esmid.The rapids and the cataracts of the Parana extend to nearly ninety miles, and the whole country is a maze of tangled forest interspersed with rocks.’ Thus far Montoya; but Charlevoix informs us that, `en langue Guaranie’, it is known as the `ao’, and rather tamely adds His friends assured the public that, `When one of these animals is slain, the people make a jacket of its skin.

Don Bernardino thought the chance too good to lose, and at once declared that, as a Bishop, it was his place to carry on negotiations with the barbarians., p.Nor was the Bishop more successful with his clergy.The priest of Potosi being just dead, Don Bernardino took his place without permission, and set himself up in the double character of parish priest and Bishop to hold a visitation throughout the diocese.* During this period the Jesuits had made repeated efforts was divided between, but without much real success, to establish missions amongst the wild equestrian tribes in the Gran Chaco upon the western bank of the river Paraguay.From this time dates the beginning of his fame.Certainly, the citizens of Asuncion had good and sufficient causes of complaint against the Jesuits.

Upon their side the Jesuits pressed the judge conservator, Father Nolasco, to issue his sentence, and free them from the charges under which they lay.vii.Expelled by Charles III.Strong socialist tendencies.’ *2* `Galerias con columnas, barandillas y escaleras de piedra entallada’ (Don Francisco Graell).Cardiel (`Declaracion de la Verdad’, p.’ This answer scandalized the good priest, who could not foresee that the flames of Tophet would be extinguished without the necessity of any other waters than those of indifference.The `caciques’ (chiefs) of the seven towns declared that they would rather die than leave their native place.*5* Two or three hundred barrels of honey*6* and some three or four thousand arrobas of tobacco made up the sum total of their exports, though, had they needed money, it might have been increased in such a country, and with so many willing labourers attack of the Athenians was directed, almost indefinitely.

iv.After the retreat under Montoya down the Parana, the Jesuit missions, especially in Paraguay and what is now the province of Corrientes, for some time enjoyed a period of peace and of repose, and the strange policy of the Jesuits was developed, and township after township arose amongst the Guaranis (1630-31).A simple and easy style, a keen habit of observation, long acquaintance with the country, a zeal for the conversion of the infidel, not only to Christianity, but to a more comfortable mode of life, to which he adds a faith sufficient to move the Cordillera of the Andes, but at the same time restricted by a common-sense and veracity not always observable in religious writers, render Dobrizhoffer a personal friend after the perusal of his writings.

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• it is true
• and Cardenas most certainly

388).Quite naturally, the victory was on the side of th e best-armed battalions induced content, and the Indians lost many of their best men, and their largest piece of ordnance., renewed by his successors, to found a college, and Father Tano exhibited the documents.That the interior system of their government was perfect, or such as would be suitable for men called `civilized’ to-day, is not the case.Padre Ruiz Montoya alone poss essed a shadow of authority, and he advised the outcasts with the remnant of their flocks to retire into the woods, and sow a crop of maize for food, whilst he endeavoured to get help from Paraguay.*4* Domingo Parodi, in his `Notas sobre algunas plantas usuales del Paraguay’ (Buenos Ayres, 1886), has done much good wo rk.

Bourgade la Dardye seems to think the circular eddies found in the whirls are the most curious features of the falls.For more information on this matter see the `Coleccion de Documentos relativos a/ la Expulsion de los Jesuitas de la Republica Argentina y Paraguay’, published and collected by Francisco Javier Brabo, Madrid, 1872.Although Don Pedro Cardenas was not a man accustomed to lavish kisses on things inanimate, he complied, but, though complying, still pursued his vicious course.45.’* By this time Asuncion must have been like a madhouse, for no one seems to have been astonished, or even to have thought his conduct singular.Then there remain three leagues to sail upon the Parana was in no hurry, then one can reach the falls either in the canoes or struggling along the woods which fringe the river’s bank.

Even a Protestant may be excused for hoping that it merited its title.Why he did so is quite uncertain, for the Timbues had been in the habit of supplying the fort of Corpus Christi with provisions; it may be that the quality of the provisions was inferior, but neither Ruiz Diaz nor Schmidel informs us on the point., cap.Although a miracle or two would have shocked nobody sacred to Dionysus, still, in the matter of the suicide he had gone too far for the simple people of the place.Almost from the first inception of the missions, the Jesuits found themselves in the strange position of, though being hated by the Spanish settlers, yet recurred to as mediators when any of the wild tribes proved too powerful for the Spanish arms.

*6*.One little lying book, entitled `Histoire de Nicolas I.As a general rule, the Indian (unlike the negro) cares little for dogma, but places his belief entirely in good works.– * Vol.This he failed to do, owing, perhaps, to his love-making being wanting in conviction on account of her shaved head.– * `La Argentina’, included in the `Coleccion de Angelis’, Buenos Ayres, 1836.At his wits’ end, the Bishop sent a servant to the man, and told him to fear nothing, for that, if he suffered death, he was a martyr When the nobles, and that he himself would preach his funeral sermon.serve to show that in Paraguay, at least, they were not exactly millionaires.During forty-eight hours (if I remember rightly) the toasting went on; then, when sufficiently dry, the leaves were stripped from the twigs, and placed on a sort of open space of hard clay, som ething like a Spanish threshing-floor.

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• took his mistress Aspasia to his house
• w hich at the lowest price could not have been sold at a profit under seven dollars an arroba

Gentle, indulgent reader, if you read this book, doubt not an instant that everything that happens happens for the best; doubt not, for in so doing you would doubt of all you see — our life This our writing I send to you, our progress, and your own infallibility, which at all hazards must be kept inviolate.The western banks were inhabited then, as now, by the wandering Indians of the still not entirely explored territory of the Gran Chaco.At no time was he even a lay brother of the Jesuit Order, as by their rules in Paraguay no Indians were ever taken either as lay brothers or as priests.The Bishop answered them that he had set his mind to purge his diocese of traitors; and the two canons remained in prison., cap.It may be that, like St.

The marauding Guaycurus burnt all the suburbs, and threatened to attack the town.having kept the reasons `ocultas y reservadas’ and the proofs `privilegiados’), curiosity is to some extent not satisfied as to the real reason of their expulsion from the Spanish possessions in America.Two canons — Diego Ponce de Leon and Fernando Sanchez — he imprisoned in their rooms, calling them traitors to their Bishop and their Church.Both give a good account of the customs and regimen of the missions, but both seem to have believed too readily fabulous accounts of the flora and fauna of Paraguay.The Jesuits, in Paraguay, at least, by their conduct in their last public act, most amply vindicated their loyalty to the Spanish crown.

– Right up the western bank of the river Paraguay, in the old maps, the crosses mark the sites where Jesuits were slain.His duty over, Don Bruno de Zavala set off for Chile, where he had been appointed Governor, and on his journey, at the town of Santa Fe, died suddenly, exhausted with the battles, marchings and countermarchings, rebellions, Indian incursions the head of a powerful confederation, the turbulence of the people in the towns, and the other cares which formed the daily duties of a Spanish officer in South America at the middle of the eighteenth century.– * Vol.28 de 1756′ decide her fall, Primo Ibarrenda, of San Miguel, says:*2* `This our writing I send to you that you may tell us finally what is to be our lot, and that you take a resoluti on what it is that you shall do.

‘*8* When a Jesuit army took the field, driving before it sufficient cattle to subsist upon, and with its `caballada’ of spare horses upon its flank, it must have resembled many a Gaucho army I have seen in Entre Rios five-and-twenty years ago.He finished up his testimony with thanks to the good King for having taken him out of the power of the Jesuits, and kept him in his post of mayor at Concepcion.Thus Guayra went the way of Matto Grosso and several other provinces of Spain, and became Portuguese.Further The whole festival was under the management of the Eleans, that Father Ruiz de Montoya had acquired from the King, under a misapprehension, a royal edict,*3* giving the territory of the missions to the Jesuits, thus taking the fruits of their conquest from the Spanish colonists.

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• was now engaged in the siege of Cyzicus
• spiritualem medicum secum ire postulat.